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JIM RICHARDSON

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  • Harvesting rice in the field around the village of Jogahat, Chunamonhathi, Jessore, Bangladesh.
    MM8154_20131024_20771.jpg
  • Genevieve Weston in the Weston Antique Apples orchard near New Berllin, Wisconsin.<br />
<br />
Weston's Orchards, the oldest active orchard in Waukesha, were established in 1935 by Harvey and Alice Weston on a site owned by Alice's father, William Marckwardt. By this time the farm already had an orchard and several of its current buildings. For example, its Dutch colonial style barn dates to 1901.<br />
<br />
The family-operated orchards have supplied the public with historic apple varieties for over 60 years. Some of the orchards' trees were planted in the late nineteenth century and significant additional plantings were made during the Great Depression by the orchards current owners. The orchards cover 16 acres with more than 700 trees and over 100 varieties with dates varying from the Calville Blanc d'Hiver (1598), Gravenstien (1600) to the Wolf River (1881) and Pink Pearl (1944). Weston's Orchards work to conserve these antique apple vaieties from extinction. The Old Church apple, for example, is grown solely on their farm.
    MM8154_20130916_11548.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41501.jpg
  • The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070625_02787.jpg
  • Hauling Firewood in the villages around Keita, Niger. These women walked ten kilometers to get firewood for cooking, every day
    Hauling Firewood.jpg
  • The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070625_03045.jpg
  • The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070625_02787.jpg
  • Planting onions in India
    IN-0006 Seeds.jpg
  • Rice threshing in the fields of the village of Jogahat, Chunamonhathi, Jessore, Bangladesh.  The men are using a foot powered thresher to beat the rice off the still-wet rice plants. Rice harvested in the field will be carried back to the village where it will be cleaned and dried.
    MM8154_20131024_20535.jpg
  • Threshing rice in a field in Bali. This woman is doing second harvest, trying to get the last of the rice from the bundles that have already been threshed by the women in the background. This is essentially charity gleaning, and she can take home (for free) up to 7kg of the rice. About one big bowl, which might feed her for a couple of days. <br />
<br />
Her name is Dadong Angga.
    MM8154_20131020_19409.jpg
  • Wheat field in South Dakota with Ralph Schelske and Sons Harvesting on their own farm in western South Dakota.
    MM8154_20130728_06794.jpg
  • Potato Harvest in the high Andes of Peru withSeñora Fausta "Uva" Callupe.<br />
<br />
At Bellavista - Macacha<br />
Kaydee and Micaela Chavez.<br />
Harvesting potatoes and huuchuy.<br />
Plans on keeping ten bags for family consumption. Got 17 bags from that field, then 10 from another, unknown bags from another. And 15 bags total from two lower fields. <br />
Uses chicken and sheep manure (sheep preferred) and also NPK. <br />
Harvesting 60 to 70 varieties from these fields.
    MM8154_20130618_00581.jpg
  • Aerial of farmland in southwest Wisconsin near the Mississippi River, south of La Crosse.  Farms surrounded by clouds along the ridges of the rich Loess bluffs along the Mississippi River.
    MM6977_070826_13434-Edit.jpg
  • Li Kaixin family harvesting rice near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County, Yunan province, China.  The grain is threshed in the field before bagging to carry out.  The stalks are laid out to dry in the terraces.
    MM6977_071020_21402.jpg
  • In the villages around Keita, Niger villagers and the FAO have combined efforts to restore 36,000 sq. kilometers of land that was ravaged by the droughts of the 70's and 80's.  Most of the work has been done by some 10,000 women of the area, returning much of the land to productivity.In all they have planted 18,000,000 trees.<br />
Mariama Abdouleye and her children (left) Idrissa Abdourahmane and (right) Abdoulaye Aboubakar.<br />
<br />
Her sister is Rabi Aboubakar.
    MM6977_071212_33717.jpg
  • Spring bubling up next to hay field in the Sandhills of Nebraka. Making haystacks with horses.
    USAgriculture_0077.jpg
  • Center Pivot Irrigation System buried in sand dunes, New Mexico.
    Burried Center Pivot (P).jpg
  • On the farm of Yacouba Sawadogo near the village of Gourga in northern Burkina Faso, north of Oubhigouya.
    MM6977_071207_29862.jpg
  • Local wheat varieties in test plants at the Ejere Farming Community Seed Bank in Ejere, Ethiopia. It was built by Ethio Organic Seed Action to help farmers regain traditional local varieties of grain that are better adapted to their location. Seed bank members donate seeds and in turn get seeds from the seed bank. Regassa Feyissa with EOSA is one of the founders and promoters of the seed bank and helps the local farmers. <br />
<br />
The big variety of wheat varieties are important to maintaining biodiversity in the crop and because of how different varieties respond to varying climate and weather patterns from year to year.
    MM7753_20101030_42091.jpg
  • Wheat harvest in northern Montana.
    Montana Wheat 2.jpg
  • Planting onions in India.
    IN-0006 Seeds.jpg
  • Trampeling wheat for the winnowing process in Ethiopia. The oxen help break down the wheat stalks and loosen the grain in the heads to make the winnowing easier.
    MM8154_20131107_24839.jpg
  • Threshing and winnowing wheat in Ethiopia. The grain is thrown in the air to let the wind blow away the chaff, letting the grain fall to the ground.
    MM8154_20131106_24350.jpg
  • Harvesting groundnuts (peanuts) in Siby Mali on the farm of Rassama Camara.<br />
<br />
The women are hauling the bundles of dried out plants to big piles where they sit in the shade and pluck the nuts out.  It is a big social occasion as well as being long, hard, dusty work. <br />
<br />
Mariama Keita with her baby
    MM8154_20131031_22675.jpg
  • Drying tree nuts (used for shea butter?) in the village of Bagui Traue, Kolokani, Mali. The nuts are dried over a slow fire, then the meat is ground and pulverized. Also used for the oil in cooking.
    MM8154_20131030_22325.jpg
  • Farmers near Lviv, Ukraine grow potatoes  and cabbage, two of the staple crops of small farmers in this rich farming country near the Black Sea.
    MM8154_20131009_13052.jpg
  • Potato Harvest in the high Andes of Peru with Benigno Fuero and Juana Panduro Valerio.
    MM8154_20130619_01164.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 5036.jpg
  • In the villages around Keita, Niger villagers and the FAO have combined efforts to restore 36,000 sq. kilometers of land that was ravaged by the droughts of the 70's and 80's.  Most of the work has been done by some 10,000 women of the area, returning much of the land to productivity.In all they have planted 18,000,000 trees.
    MM6977_071211_32632.jpg
  • Li Kaixin family harvesting rice near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County, Yunan province, China.  The grain is threshed in the field before bagging to carry out.  The stalks are laid out to dry in the terraces.
    MM6977_071020_21594.jpg
  • In the villages around Keita, Niger villagers and the FAO have combined efforts to restore 36,000 sq. kilometers of land that was ravaged by the droughts of the 70's and 80's.  Most of the work has been done by some 10,000 women of the area, returning much of the land to productivity.In all they have planted 18,000,000 trees.
    MM6977_071211_32699.jpg
  • Harvesting and stack oats on the farm of Melaku Yifku in the Seriti Village of the Chacha district north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Workers are cutting the oats by hand with sickles, and pile them behind them as they move up the field, singing as they go. Then the bundles are hauled to the stacks where a man on top arranges them so that the grain heads are to the inside of the stack so they will dry and be protected from rain before being threshed. The man on the top of the stack is Nigussu Kissaye.
    MM7753_20101103_47348.jpg
  • Seed Savers Exchange is one of the oldest and largest heirloom seed conservation organizations in the world. <br />
Since 1975, Seed Savers Exchange members have passed on approximately one million samples of rare garden seeds to other gardeners. The non-profit organization of gardeners is dedicated to saving and sharing heirloom seeds.
    MM7753_20100904_35760.jpg
  • Seed Savers Exchange is one of the oldest and largest heirloom seed conservation organizations in the world. <br />
Since 1975, Seed Savers Exchange members have passed on approximately one million samples of rare garden seeds to other gardeners. The non-profit organization of gardeners is dedicated to saving and sharing heirloom seeds.
    MM7753_20100903_32356.jpg
  • Rassama Camara in his sorghum field in the village of Siby, Mali. Sorghum in is a major crop in this dry land area, and ICRISAT works with farmers to introduce new varieties with various traits that will improve production. Besides eating the grain, the plant material is used of cattle fodder and even to make fences.
    MM8154_20131031_22898.jpg
  • Farmer  with the harvest of ground peas that he grows by intercropping with his sorghum in his village of Kolokani, Mali.
    MM8154_20131030_22193.jpg
  • Harvesting rice in the field around the village of Jogahat, Chunamonhathi, Jessore, Bangladesh.
    MM8154_20131024_20552.jpg
  • Ms. Anwana Begum owns farms and owns a small shop and tea stall. She has a homestead garden, grows taro and green banana for curry. Her village is Shajiali, near Jessore, Bangladesh.
    MM8154_20131024_20290.jpg
  • Planting rice in Bali, amid the flooded rice paddy where the rice is pulled from a bundle and stuck into the mud. Seen here is Pak Kompiang.
    MM8154_20131021_19647.jpg
  • Winnowing rice in the rice paddies among the coconut trees in Luwus village of Bali. The woman is Bu Jro and she was getting one bag of rice (70kg) per each died of one eco size. (100 ecos to the hectare.)
    MM8154_20131018_17236.jpg
  • Winnowing rice in the rice paddies among the coconut trees in Luwus village of Bali. The woman is Bu Edi and she was getting one bag of rice (70kg) per each died of one eco size. (100 ecos to the hectare,)
    MM8154_20131018_17152.jpg
  • Farmers near Lviv, Ukraine grow potatoes  and cabbage, two of the staple crops of small farmers in this rich farming country near the Black Sea.<br />
<br />
Farmers is Olexandra Salo (with cabbage)
    MM8154_20131009_13246-Edit-Edit.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41771.jpg
  • The worst erosion on Earth is seen in the deeply gullied hills of the Loess plateau in Shaanxi province of China. Yan Feng Qing in the village of Jiang Xing Zhuang harvesting millet using scissors to cut the heads off the plants.
    MM6977_071020_26010.jpg
  • Woman carrying food to workers in the fields near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County as they harvest rice.
    MM6977_071020_22337.jpg
  • The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070625_03870.jpg
  • The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070625_03905.jpg
  • Seed Savers Exchange is one of the oldest and largest heirloom seed conservation organizations in the world. <br />
Since 1975, Seed Savers Exchange members have passed on approximately one million samples of rare garden seeds to other gardeners. The non-profit organization of gardeners is dedicated to saving and sharing heirloom seeds.
    MM7753_20100904_35760.jpg
  • Watering crops in greenhouse in Africa
    AF-0004 Watering.jpg
  • Woman with baby harvesting potatoes  on organic farm in Maine.
    USAgriculture_0018.jpg
  • Morning views from Steptoe Butte of the agricultural lands of the Palouse.  The Palouse of Washigton is an area of loess hills built out of wind-blown dust.  High hills are extremely fertile, with exceptional production of dryland wheat.
    MM6977_070627_04151.jpg
  • Restoration in the Loess Plateau region of China  Wang Chun Jun harvesting potatoes high on the hills above Miao Jia Yan village in Zizhou County where there is a very large restoration project planting date trees.
    MM6977_071020_26826-2.jpg
  • Li Kaixin family harvesting rice near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County, Yunan province, China.  The grain is threshed in the field before bagging to carry out.  The stalks are laid out to dry in the terraces.
    MM6977_071020_20938.jpg
  • Gevevieve Sekulovich in the Weston Antique Apples orchard near New Berllin, Wisconsin.<br />
<br />
Weston's Orchards, the oldest active orchard in Waukesha, were established in 1935 by Harvey and Alice Weston on a site owned by Alice's father, William Marckwardt. By this time the farm already had an orchard and several of its current buildings. For example, its Dutch colonial style barn dates to 1901.<br />
<br />
The family-operated orchards have supplied the public with historic apple varieties for over 60 years. Some of the orchards' trees were planted in the late nineteenth century and significant additional plantings were made during the Great Depression by the orchards current owners. The orchards cover 16 acres with more than 700 trees and over 100 varieties with dates varying from the Calville Blanc d'Hiver (1598), Gravenstien (1600) to the Wolf River (1881) and Pink Pearl (1944). Weston's Orchards work to conserve these antique apple vaieties from extinction. The Old Church apple, for example, is grown solely on their farm.
    MM8154_20130916_11708.jpg
  • Wheat field in South Dakota with Schelske and Sons Harvesting on their own farm in western South Dakota.
    MM8154_20130727_06682 (1).jpg
  • Farmer near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County harvest rice from their terraces to make a meager living.
    MM6977_071020_22391.jpg
  • Seed Savers Exchange is one of the oldest and largest heirloom seed conservation organizations in the world. <br />
Since 1975, Seed Savers Exchange members have passed on approximately one million samples of rare garden seeds to other gardeners. The non-profit organization of gardeners is dedicated to saving and sharing heirloom seeds.
    MM7753_20100904_35760.jpg
  • Restoration in the Loess Plateau region of China.  Fo Tang Yan village in Zizhou County where there is a very large restoration project planting date trees.  The propaganda moto on a terrace read "Plant a thousand mu (Chinese acres) of date trees for a thousand years of prosperity."
    MM6977_071020_27188.jpg
  • Center pivot irrigation system watering corn in Nebraska.
    USAgriculture_0081.jpg
  • Urban development encroaching on a farm field in Pennsylvania.  Loss of farmland to housing is a serious problem to food production.
    USAgriculture_0009.jpg
  • Farmland in southwest Wisconsin near the Mississippi River, south of La Crosse.  Farms surrounded by clouds along the ridges of the rich Loess bluffs along the Mississippi River.
    MM6977_070826_13447.jpg
  • Woman and her duck near Sheng Cun Village in Yuanyang County, China.
    MM6977_071020_22391.jpg
  • Dr. Robert Lascano doing research on soil moisture evaporation at the Texas A&M Research Farm north of lubbock.  Lascano has found that soil moisture evaporation is greatly reduced on ground that has wheat stubble left on it.  Cotton planted in the stubble (right of picture) is, on average, 3" higher than cotton planted in bare ground (left) because the added portection from wind and added moisture gave it a better head start.  (Plants and positioning were chosen to give fair representation of overall field conditions.  His stick is approximately 3" above lower plants.)  In foreground is sophisticated soil moisture meter.
    Ogalla Aquifer Camera Scans 20220038.jpg
  • Wes Robbins, a Soil Conservationist with the SCS, tests soil moisture using a meter attached to burried gypsum blocks.  The block's conductivity varies with its saturation making the moisture testing possible.  Robbins has encouraged farmers in this arid region of eastern Colorado near Burlington to use the blocks so they can irrigate more effectively.  Robbins is in a low till field under one of the center pivot systems they converted to LEPA (Low Energy Precesion Application) water nozzles.
    Ogalla Aquifer Camera Scans 20220261.jpg
  • Jerry Glover of the Land Institute dig a soil pit to expose roots of grasses and wheat for examination.
    RootProfileDig 20060608 0104.jpg
  • On the farm of Rhoda Mang'anya in the Dedze District of Malawi. Rhoda has improved her soil, and with it the ability to feed her family, by using a variety of perrenial trees that provide nitrogen to the soil. <br />
For further information contact: <br />
Chris Katema<br />
ckatema@cgiarmw.org<br />
chrisskatema@gmail.com<br />
0999 220075
    MalawiAg_20120427_1796.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Sophora secundiflora (Fabaceae) - Texas mountain laurel, mescal bean; native to North America (Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico)<br />
The hard, fibrous and indehiscent camaras of the Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora, Fabaceae-Papilionoideae) appear to be adapted to dispersal by large herbivorous mammals such as antelopes. However, most of the potential dispersers in North America would have died out c. 13.000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The only native antelope in the southern US is the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Observations as to whether the pronghorn does eat the fruits of the Texas mountain laurel seem to be missing. The very hard and shiny seeds of the Texas mountain laurel are coloured bright red, a characteristic that generally indicated 'fraudulent' bird-dispersal ('fruit mimicry'). However, since the fruits are very hard and indehiscent, the conspicuous colour of the seeds is hard to explain from an adaptational point of view. Perhaps their colour is part of a two-stage dispersal mechanism, tricking birds into picking the seeds from the faeces of megafaunal herbivores.<br />
interesting weblinks:<br />
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sose3: Sophora secundiflora is very popular as a native evergreen ornamental tree within its range, valued for its handsome, dark green foliage and lush early spring blooms. It is drought-tolerant, prefers rocky limestone soil, and is native from central Texas west to New Mexico and south to San Luis Potosi in Mexico. Like many woody plants native to rocky soils, it is slow growing. The fragrance of Texas mountain laurel flowers is reminiscent of artificial grape products.
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11949.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Shorea macrophylla (Dipterocarpaceae =  meranti family) - engkabang jantong (Malay), length of fruit: 12.5cm – The members of the meranti family are a dominant component of lowland tropical rainforests and exploited for their valuable timber; The calyx of the flower develops into the wings (3 large ones, 2 smaller ones) assist wind dispersal of the large, single-seeded nuts. Shorea macrophylla is the main source of illepenuts, the fruits are obtained from trees 15 years of age. It produces the biggest nuts of all engkabangs with sizes of 5.5 - 6.0 x 2.9 - 3.2cm snippets from the internet: <br />
Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Acacia mangium are two of the most popular wood species that frequently used as inputs for interior decoration such as cabinets, furnitures, and turnery. The plants are also used for particleboard, plywood, veneer, pulp, fence, firewood and charcoal (Sanchez, 2006, Anon,2009). Mohamad Azani et al., (2001) studied that engkabang jantung can grow very fast and form wide spreading crowns, even though it is planted under shades of the higher trees. Engkabang is a protected species and can be found scattering throughout Sarawak, usually on clay alluvial soil of riparian forest and lower slopes of clay hill sides below 600m above sea level (Anon, 2009 and Anon 2009a). The information about this species is still limited compared to Acacia mangium. Engkabang is popular due to its nut known as False Illipe Nut, which has moisturising properties that are similar to cocoa butter for skincare and haircare products (Fleckenstein, 2009).<br />
<br />
Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Acacia mangium are two of the most popular wood species that frequently used as inputs for interior decoration such as cabinets, furnitures, and turnery. The plants are also used for particleboard, plywood, veneer, pulp, fence, firewood and charcoal (Sanchez, 2006, Anon,2009).
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11685.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Shorea macrophylla (Dipterocarpaceae =  meranti family) - engkabang jantong (Malay), length of fruit: 12.5cm – The members of the meranti family are a dominant component of lowland tropical rainforests and exploited for their valuable timber; The calyx of the flower develops into the wings (3 large ones, 2 smaller ones) assist wind dispersal of the large, single-seeded nuts. Shorea macrophylla is the main source of illepenuts, the fruits are obtained from trees 15 years of age. It produces the biggest nuts of all engkabangs with sizes of 5.5 - 6.0 x 2.9 - 3.2cm snippets from the internet: <br />
Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Acacia mangium are two of the most popular wood species that frequently used as inputs for interior decoration such as cabinets, furnitures, and turnery. The plants are also used for particleboard, plywood, veneer, pulp, fence, firewood and charcoal (Sanchez, 2006, Anon,2009). Mohamad Azani et al., (2001) studied that engkabang jantung can grow very fast and form wide spreading crowns, even though it is planted under shades of the higher trees. Engkabang is a protected species and can be found scattering throughout Sarawak, usually on clay alluvial soil of riparian forest and lower slopes of clay hill sides below 600m above sea level (Anon, 2009 and Anon 2009a). The information about this species is still limited compared to Acacia mangium. Engkabang is popular due to its nut known as False Illipe Nut, which has moisturising properties that are similar to cocoa butter for skincare and haircare products (Fleckenstein, 2009).<br />
<br />
Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Acacia mangium are two of the most popular wood species that frequently used as inputs for interior decoration such as cabinets, furnitures, and turnery. The plants are also used for particleboard, plywood, veneer, pulp, fence, firewood and charcoal (Sanchez, 2006, Anon,2009). Moham
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11685.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Sophora secundiflora (Fabaceae) - Texas mountain laurel, mescal bean; native to North America (Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico)<br />
The hard, fibrous and indehiscent camaras of the Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora, Fabaceae-Papilionoideae) appear to be adapted to dispersal by large herbivorous mammals such as antelopes. However, most of the potential dispersers in North America would have died out c. 13.000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The only native antelope in the southern US is the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Observations as to whether the pronghorn does eat the fruits of the Texas mountain laurel seem to be missing. The very hard and shiny seeds of the Texas mountain laurel are coloured bright red, a characteristic that generally indicated 'fraudulent' bird-dispersal ('fruit mimicry'). However, since the fruits are very hard and indehiscent, the conspicuous colour of the seeds is hard to explain from an adaptational point of view. Perhaps their colour is part of a two-stage dispersal mechanism, tricking birds into picking the seeds from the faeces of megafaunal herbivores.<br />
interesting weblinks:<br />
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sose3: Sophora secundiflora is very popular as a native evergreen ornamental tree within its range, valued for its handsome, dark green foliage and lush early spring blooms. It is drought-tolerant, prefers rocky limestone soil, and is native from central Texas west to New Mexico and south to San Luis Potosi in Mexico. Like many woody plants native to rocky soils, it is slow growing. The fragrance of Texas mountain laurel flowers is reminiscent of artificial grape products. The brilliant, lacquer red seeds were valued by indigenous people for ornament and ceremonial use; they contain the highly poisonous alkaloid cytosine (or sophorine), a substance related to nicotine and widely cited as a narcot
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11949.jpg
  • Men plow fields near Waliso in southern Ethiopia with teams of oxen. Using plows that are nearly timeless they are plowing fields that were planted to teff. These are not the more modern mouldboard plows that actually roll the soil over, but just a sort of spike that breaks the ground up. <br />
<br />
The men plowing were: Ayele Terefe in the orange shirt with the stick, and Teshome Negese with the red and white shirt.<br />
<br />
Contact: Woudyalew Mulatu<br />
ILRI Ethiopia<br />
w.mulatu@cgiar.org<br />
Mobile: +251 911 40 91 89<br />
PO Box 5689<br />
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia<br />
  <br />
Contact: Shirley Tarawali<br />
Theme Director - People, Livestock, and the Evironment<br />
ILRI Ethiopia<br />
s.tarawali@cgiar.org<br />
Tel: +251 11 617 2221<br />
Tel: +251 91 164 5738<br />
PO Box 5689<br />
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) - Monterey pine; wikipedia: The Monterey Pine is widely used in private gardens and public landscapes in temperate California, and similar climates around the world. It is a fast-growing tree, adaptable to a broad range of soil types and climates, though does not tolerate temperatures below about -15°C. Its fast growth makes it ideal for landscapes and forestry; in a good situation, P. radiata can reach its full height in 40 years or so.<br />
interesting weblinks: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/radiata.htm
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  • Men plow fields near Waliso in southern Ethiopia with teams of oxen. Using plows that are nearly timeless they are plowing fields that were planted to teff. These are not the more modern mouldboard plows that actually roll the soil over, but just a sort of spike that breaks the ground up. <br />
<br />
The men plowing were: Ayele Terefe in the orange shirt with the stick, and Teshome Negese with the red and white shirt.
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  • Jerry Glover of the Land Institute dig a soil pit to expose roots of grasses and wheat for examination.
    RootProfileDig 20060608 0104.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) - Monterey pine; wikipedia: The Monterey Pine is widely used in private gardens and public landscapes in temperate California, and similar climates around the world. It is a fast-growing tree, adaptable to a broad range of soil types and climates, though does not tolerate temperatures below about -15°C. Its fast growth makes it ideal for landscapes and forestry; in a good situation, P. radiata can reach its full height in 40 years or so.<br />
interesting weblinks: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/radiata.htm
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11681.jpg
  • The Autumn Corn Festival in Haxtun, Colorado celebrates the areas agriculture by naming Crop Kings.  This year, for the third year in a row, the Irrigated Corn King was Mark Gueck  He rode in the parade down main street with the other crop kings on a Soil Conservation Service float.  Here he is seen before the parade on the local Coop elevator float put together by a friend.
    Ogallala-20200421-0059.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Afzelia africana (Fabaceae) – African mahogany; collected in Burkina Faso – open fruit (legume) consisting of the two halves of the single carpel; inside the fruit are a number of large black seeds with a bright orange-red aril attracting birds for dispersal. Because of their attractive appearance the seeds are also used by makers of botanical jewellery; length of pod: 17.5cm.<br />
From Wikipedia: Mature trees grow between 10 and 20 meters in height. They are prized for their quality wood, their bark which has many medicinal uses, and their nitrogen-rich leaves which enrich the soil.
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11715.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Afzelia africana (Fabaceae) – African mahogany; collected in Burkina Faso – open fruit (legume) consisting of the two halves of the single carpel; inside the fruit are a number of large black seeds with a bright orange-red aril attracting birds for dispersal. Because of their attractive appearance the seeds are also used by makers of botanical jewellery; length of pod: 17.5cm.<br />
From Wikipedia: Mature trees grow between 10 and 20 meters in height. They are prized for their quality wood, their bark which has many medicinal uses, and their nitrogen-rich leaves which enrich the soil.
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11715.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Prosopis strombulifera (Fabaceae) - Argentine screwbean, creeping screwbean; native to Argentina - Prosopis strombulifera is classified by the U.S. Federal Government as a NOXIOUS WEED (present esp. in California).<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_strombulifera: Prosopis strombulifera is a species of mesquite or algarrobo, a shrub in the legume family. It is known by the English common names Argentine screwbean and creeping screwbean and the Spanish common name retortuño.[1] This shrub is native to Argentina, where it grows in saline soils. It became well-known in California after it was introduced to Imperial County and took hold in the wild, growing as an invasive noxious weed.[1] The plant grows from a network of long, spreading roots and may grow to three meters in height. Many plants may grow together in an area, forming a monotypic stand. The shrub has waxy-textured leaves made up of a pair of leaflets which are each divided into several pairs of secondary leaflets each up to a centimeter long. Whitish spines up to 2 centimeters long appear near the leaf bases. The inflorescence is a spherical head of many very narrow tubelike yellow flowers, the head measuring about 1.5 centimeters wide. The fruit is a bright yellow seed pod coiled tightly into a cylindrical stick up to 5 centimeters long. It contains several greenish seeds each about half a centimeter long.<br />
other weblinks:<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11922.jpg
  • The dramatic bay at Uig creates a huge beach as the tides drain out every day on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis. Flowers grow profusely the machair, soils formed by blow shell sand from the beaches.  The surrounding dunes are held in place by colonizing grasses.  The dunes are also famous as the site where the Lewis Chessmen were found, thousand year old chess pieces found in the dunes.
    MM7701_20080630_6156.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Prosopis strombulifera (Fabaceae) - Argentine screwbean, creeping screwbean; native to Argentina - Prosopis strombulifera is classified by the U.S. Federal Government as a NOXIOUS WEED (present esp. in California).<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_strombulifera: Prosopis strombulifera is a species of mesquite or algarrobo, a shrub in the legume family. It is known by the English common names Argentine screwbean and creeping screwbean and the Spanish common name retortuño.[1] This shrub is native to Argentina, where it grows in saline soils. It became well-known in California after it was introduced to Imperial County and took hold in the wild, growing as an invasive noxious weed.[1] The plant grows from a network of long, spreading roots and may grow to three meters in height. Many plants may grow together in an area, forming a monotypic stand. The shrub has waxy-textured leaves made up of a pair of leaflets which are each divided into several pairs of secondary leaflets each up to a centimeter long. Whitish spines up to 2 centimeters long appear near the leaf bases. The inflorescence is a spherical head of many very narrow tubelike yellow flowers, the head measuring about 1.5 centimeters wide. The fruit is a bright yellow seed pod coiled tightly into a cylindrical stick up to 5 centimeters long. It contains several greenish seeds each about half a centimeter long.<br />
other weblinks:<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11922.jpg
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