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JIM RICHARDSON

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JIM RICHARDSON

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  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_17605.jpg
  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_16953.jpg
  • Beltane Fire Festival on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland.  Event has been going on for years and has grown ever larger, now boasting over 300 performers and 10,000 to 15,000 spectators.  For many in the festival it is a sacred event, welcoming spring. The central figure is the May Queen who marches from station to station to receive the admirations of Earth, Air, Fire, etc.  Her "White Women" are tempted by Red Men.  Eventually the foliage of last year is stripped from her escort whom she then brings back to life.   Blue men act as security and crowd control, whipping those who will not obey.  Columns are a landmark of Calton Hill.
    MM7189 20050430 24557.jpg
  • Beltane Fire Festival on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland.  Event has been going on for years and has grown ever larger, now boasting over 300 performers and 10,000 to 15,000 spectators.  For many in the festival it is a sacred event, welcoming spring. The central figure is the May Queen who marches from station to station to receive the admirations of Earth, Air, Fire, etc.  Her "White Women" are tempted by Red Men.  Eventually the foliage of last year is stripped from her escort whom she then brings back to life.   Blue men act as security and crowd control, whipping those who will not obey.  Columns are a landmark of Calton Hill.
    MM7189 20050430 24496.jpg
  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_17820-Edit.jpg
  • Beltane Fire Festival on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland.  Event has been going on for years and has grown ever larger, now boasting over 300 performers and 10,000 to 15,000 spectators.  For many in the festival it is a sacred event, welcoming spring. The central figure is the May Queen who marches from station to station to receive the admirations of Earth, Air, Fire, etc.  Her "White Women" are tempted by Red Men.  Eventually the foliage of last year is stripped from her escort whom she then brings back to life.   Blue men act as security and crowd control, whipping those who will not obey.  Columns are a landmark of Calton Hill.
    MM7189 20050430 24516.jpg
  • Deer stalking with head gamekeeper Dougie Langlands at Ardverikie Estate near Laggan, Scotland. 

Ardverikie is one of the great estates of Scotland, with the estate house on the banks of Loch Laggan. The family returns to gather around the ancestral seat several times a year and the gamekeeper hosts grouse shooting and deer stalking.
    MM8321_20161019_35903.jpg
  • Deer stalking with head gamekeeper Dougie Langlands at Ardverikie Estate near Laggan, Scotland. 

Ardverikie is one of the great estates of Scotland, with the estate house on the banks of Loch Laggan. The family returns to gather around the ancestral seat several times a year and the gamekeeper hosts grouse shooting and deer stalking.
    MM8321_20161019_35620.jpg
  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_17519.jpg
  • Deer stalking with head gamekeeper Dougie Langlands at Ardverikie Estate near Laggan, Scotland. 

Ardverikie is one of the great estates of Scotland, with the estate house on the banks of Loch Laggan. The family returns to gather around the ancestral seat several times a year and the gamekeeper hosts grouse shooting and deer stalking.
    MM8321_20161019_36403.jpg
  • Deer stalking with head gamekeeper Dougie Langlands at Ardverikie Estate near Laggan, Scotland. 

Ardverikie is one of the great estates of Scotland, with the estate house on the banks of Loch Laggan. The family returns to gather around the ancestral seat several times a year and the gamekeeper hosts grouse shooting and deer stalking.
    MM8321_20161019_36037.jpg
  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_17898.jpg
  • Houses in colorful Burano in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy.
    Venice_Burano_0204.jpg
  • Mounties of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Nova Scotia.
    NovaScotia 20090723 2379.jpg
  • Colin Murdoch is head gamekeeper at Reraig Forest near Loch Carron. He manages their deer herd including the feeding of stags on the hills overlooking Loch Carron.
    MM8321_20150904_17820-Edit.jpg
  • Columbia Gorge seen from the Oregon side.
    Columbia Gorge.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 5080.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 4939.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 5080.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    Andes Potato Pan II.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 4252.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 4939.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    Andes Potato Pan II.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 5036.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 5036.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 4252.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    MM7753 2010-05-29 4252.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Alnus glutinosa (Betulaceae) - black alder, common alder, European alder; native to Europe (and SW Asia);<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa: Alnus glutinosa is important as coppice-wood on marshy ground. The wood is soft, white when first cut and turning to pale red; the knots are beautifully mottled. Under water the wood is very durable, and it is therefore used for piles. The supports of the Rialto at Venice, and many buildings at Amsterdam, are of Alder wood. It is also the traditional wood burnt to produce smoked fish and other smoked foods, though in some areas other woods are more often used now. Furniture is sometimes made from the wood, as were clogs, and it supplies excellent charcoal for gunpowder. The bark is astringent; it is used for tanning and dyeing. Alnus glutinosa is also cultivated and locally naturalised in eastern North America.<br />
<br />
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+glutinosa: medicinal and other uses:<br />
The bark is alterative, astringent, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic[4, 7, 14, 46, 269]. The fresh bark will cause vomiting, so use dried bark for all but emetic purposes[21]. A decoction of the dried bark is used to bathe swellings and inflammations, especially of the mouth and throat[4, 9, 21, 254]. The powdered bark and the leaves have been used as an internal astringent and tonic, whilst the bark has also been used as an internal and external haemostatic against haemorrhage[21]. The dried bark of young twigs are used, or the inner bark of branches 2 - 3 years old[9]. It is harvested in the spring and dried for later use[9]. Boiling the inner bark in vinegar produces a useful wash to treat lice and a range of skin problems such as scabies and scabs[21]. The liquid can also be used as a toothwash[21]. The leaves are astringent, galactogogue and vermifuge[7]. They are used to help reduce breast engorgement in nursing mothers[254].
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11929.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) - annato, lipstick tree; native to South America. The genus Bixa is monotypic and a member of the family Bixaceae (16 species in 3 genera). The species is especially cultivated for its red colouring obtained from the testa of the seeds, the original Amerindian body paint which is also effective as an insect repellent. The red colour is due to several apocarotenoids located in the seed epidermis, of which bixin (9'Z-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate) is the most important. Several more carotenoids and apocarotenoids have been identified; their total amount varies strongly, but may reach up to 7% of the dry seeds' mass. Bixin was formerly an important dyestuff but is now replaced by Congo red for fabric but still used in food esp. cheese, butter, margarine and chocolate as it is almost tasteless. It is also used in soaps and other skin products (there sometimes also called the lipstick tree). Bixa orellana, also called annato, possesses extrafloral nectaries to attract ants that ward off predators (seed production doubles in the presence of ants) (from Mabberley 1997 and Gernod Katzer’s Spice Pages). Common names for Bixa orellana include: Orleansbaum, achuete, annatto, urucum, urucu, rocucou, anato, achiote, kuswé.<br />
The scientific species name orellana reminds to Francisco de Orellana, a Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Together with Francisco Pizarro, Orellana had been involved in the destruction of the Inca empire; in 1540, he participated in another expedition led by Gonzalo Pizarro. Following rumours about gold and cinnamon trees, about 2000 Spaniards entered to Peruvian and Brazilian jungles, where most of them perished. Orellana abandoned the party and made his way eastward, where he (more or less by chance) discovered the Amazonas river and earned scientific fame quite undeservedly. By confusion of the Spanish name with the French town Orle
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11854.jpg
  • Antonia, wife of Mariano Sutta Apucusi. At their home in Pampallacta.  Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-27 3487.jpg
  • Harvesting potatoes in the Andes commuity of Pampallacta at the Potato Park near Pisac, Peru. Hundreds of varieties of potatoes are grown in high mountain fields on a seven year rotation.  These fields belong to Mariano Sutta Apucusi, who is a technician at the park and a varayoc, a traditional spiritual "mayor" of the community.  Someone who has a lot of knowledge about the rituals and maintains these rituals in their home. In their family field in Pampallacta at 14,000 feet altitude.  It is an hour trip each way to the fields.  The horses are loaded with bags of potatoes that take two strong men to load.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.<br />
<br />
The Parque de la Papa, or potato park, near Pisac, Peru is using potatoes as a focal point to aid biodiversity and local economics, as well as bringing the community together through traditional values.
    Andes Potato Pan II.jpg
  • The Mar Lodge stag ballroom has a spectacular 2,435 red deer stags heads lining the walls and ceiling. It has been called the Sistine Chapel of stage hunting.  The ballroom was constructed for estate staff balls, required by the need for segregation between master and servant which dominated the period. Built near to the second Mar Lodge at Corriemulzie, it was moved to the present site in 1898. A large timber building in the estate red, it has distinctive lattice trellising, an original Victorian ventilation system and unusual cast iron bracers on stone plinths supporting the walls. Internally the building remains virtually in its original state and contains over 2,435 stag's skulls.<br />
<br />
Mar Lodge Estate became a National Trust for Scotland property in 1995.
    MM8321_20150821_7795-Pano.jpg
  • The Mar Lodge stag ballroom has a spectacular 2,435 red deer stags heads lining the walls and ceiling. It has been called the Sistine Chapel of stage hunting.  The ballroom was constructed for estate staff balls, required by the need for segregation between master and servant which dominated the period. Built near to the second Mar Lodge at Corriemulzie, it was moved to the present site in 1898. A large timber building in the estate red, it has distinctive lattice trellising, an original Victorian ventilation system and unusual cast iron bracers on stone plinths supporting the walls. Internally the building remains virtually in its original state and contains over 2,435 stag's skulls.<br />
<br />
Mar Lodge Estate became a National Trust for Scotland property in 1995.
    MM8321_20150821_7772-Pano.jpg
  • Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-28 3909.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) - castor oil plant; native to tropical Africa, naturalized throughout the tropics - seeds; the seeds of the castor oil plant, called 'castor beans', contain a very valuable oil that is used both as a purgative as well as a lubricant for jet engines and heavy machinery. The seeds are also infamous for containing ricin, one of the strongest poisons found in nature. One milligram can already be enough to kill an adult. At their micropylar end the seeds bear a fatty elaiosome to attract ants for dispersal; seeds c. 12mm long.<br />
Some interesting facts about Ricinus:<br />
Ricin: The seeds from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, are poisonous to people, animals and insects. One of the main toxic proteins is "ricin", named by Stillmark in 1888 when he tested the bean's extract on red blood cells and saw them agglutinate. Now we know that the agglutination was due to another toxin that was also present, called RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin). Ricin is a potent cytotoxin but a weak hemagglutinin, whereas RCA is a weak cytotoxin and a powerful hemagglutinin. Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin, not RCA, because RCA does not penetrate the intestinal wall, and does not affect red blood cells unless given intravenously. If RCA is injected into the blood, it will cause the red blood cells to agglutinate and burst by hemolysis. Perhaps just one milligram of ricin can kill an adult. The symptoms of human poisoning begin within a few hours of ingestion. The symptoms are: abdominal pain, vomiting and (sometimes bloody) diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a decrease in urine, and a decrease in blood pressure. If death has not occurred in 3-5 days, the victim usually recovers.<br />
Castor oil: Castor beans are pressed to extract castor oil which is used for medicinal purposes.
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11952.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Sophora secundiflora (Fabaceae) - Texas mountain laurel, mescal bean; native to North America (Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico)<br />
The hard, fibrous and indehiscent camaras of the Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora, Fabaceae-Papilionoideae) appear to be adapted to dispersal by large herbivorous mammals such as antelopes. However, most of the potential dispersers in North America would have died out c. 13.000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The only native antelope in the southern US is the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Observations as to whether the pronghorn does eat the fruits of the Texas mountain laurel seem to be missing. The very hard and shiny seeds of the Texas mountain laurel are coloured bright red, a characteristic that generally indicated 'fraudulent' bird-dispersal ('fruit mimicry'). However, since the fruits are very hard and indehiscent, the conspicuous colour of the seeds is hard to explain from an adaptational point of view. Perhaps their colour is part of a two-stage dispersal mechanism, tricking birds into picking the seeds from the faeces of megafaunal herbivores.<br />
interesting weblinks:<br />
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sose3: Sophora secundiflora is very popular as a native evergreen ornamental tree within its range, valued for its handsome, dark green foliage and lush early spring blooms. It is drought-tolerant, prefers rocky limestone soil, and is native from central Texas west to New Mexico and south to San Luis Potosi in Mexico. Like many woody plants native to rocky soils, it is slow growing. The fragrance of Texas mountain laurel flowers is reminiscent of artificial grape products.
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11949.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Alnus glutinosa (Betulaceae) - black alder, common alder, European alder; native to Europe (and SW Asia);<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa: Alnus glutinosa is important as coppice-wood on marshy ground. The wood is soft, white when first cut and turning to pale red; the knots are beautifully mottled. Under water the wood is very durable, and it is therefore used for piles. The supports of the Rialto at Venice, and many buildings at Amsterdam, are of Alder wood. It is also the traditional wood burnt to produce smoked fish and other smoked foods, though in some areas other woods are more often used now. Furniture is sometimes made from the wood, as were clogs, and it supplies excellent charcoal for gunpowder. The bark is astringent; it is used for tanning and dyeing. Alnus glutinosa is also cultivated and locally naturalised in eastern North America.<br />
<br />
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+glutinosa: medicinal and other uses:<br />
The bark is alterative, astringent, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic[4, 7, 14, 46, 269]. The fresh bark will cause vomiting, so use dried bark for all but emetic purposes[21]. A decoction of the dried bark is used to bathe swellings and inflammations, especially of the mouth and throat[4, 9, 21, 254]. The powdered bark and the leaves have been used as an internal astringent and tonic, whilst the bark has also been used as an internal and external haemostatic against haemorrhage[21]. The dried bark of young twigs are used, or the inner bark of branches 2 - 3 years old[9]. It is harvested in the spring and dried for later use[9]. Boiling the inner bark in vinegar produces a useful wash to treat lice and a range of skin problems such as scabies and scabs[21].
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11929.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) - annato, lipstick tree; native to South America. The genus Bixa is monotypic and a member of the family Bixaceae (16 species in 3 genera). The species is especially cultivated for its red colouring obtained from the testa of the seeds, the original Amerindian body paint which is also effective as an insect repellent. The red colour is due to several apocarotenoids located in the seed epidermis, of which bixin (9'Z-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate) is the most important. Several more carotenoids and apocarotenoids have been identified; their total amount varies strongly, but may reach up to 7% of the dry seeds' mass. Bixin was formerly an important dyestuff but is now replaced by Congo red for fabric but still used in food esp. cheese, butter, margarine and chocolate as it is almost tasteless. It is also used in soaps and other skin products (there sometimes also called the lipstick tree). Bixa orellana, also called annato, possesses extrafloral nectaries to attract ants that ward off predators (seed production doubles in the presence of ants) (from Mabberley 1997 and Gernod Katzer’s Spice Pages). Common names for Bixa orellana include: Orleansbaum, achuete, annatto, urucum, urucu, rocucou, anato, achiote, kuswé.<br />
The scientific species name orellana reminds to Francisco de Orellana, a Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Together with Francisco Pizarro, Orellana had been involved in the destruction of the Inca empire; in 1540, he participated in another expedition led by Gonzalo Pizarro. Following rumours about gold and cinnamon trees, about 2000 Spaniards entered to Peruvian and Brazilian jungles, where most of them perished. Orellana abandoned the party and made his way eastward, where he (more or less by chance) discovered the Amazonas river and earned scientific fame quite undeservedly. By confusion of the Spanish name with the French town Orle
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11854.jpg
  • Rice threshing in the fields of the village of Jogahat, Chunamonhathi, Jessore, Bangladesh.  The men are using a foot powered thresher to beat the rice off the still-wet rice plants. Rice harvested in the field will be carried back to the village where it will be cleaned and dried. <br />
<br />
The woman sweeping rice up is Shukhjan Begum.<br />
<br />
The two guys with rice sacks on their heads are:<br />
Muhammed Dobibar Rahman (Red printed shirt)<br />
Jinnat (white shirt)<br />
<br />
The others at the machine are: Robiul Islam, Joshim, Tobiban Rahman and Anisur Rahman.<br />
Cell: +8801711375573
    MM8154_20131024_20383.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) - castor oil plant; native to tropical Africa, naturalized throughout the tropics - seeds; the seeds of the castor oil plant, called 'castor beans', contain a very valuable oil that is used both as a purgative as well as a lubricant for jet engines and heavy machinery. The seeds are also infamous for containing ricin, one of the strongest poisons found in nature. One milligram can already be enough to kill an adult. At their micropylar end the seeds bear a fatty elaiosome to attract ants for dispersal; seeds c. 12mm long.<br />
Some interesting facts about Ricinus:<br />
Ricin: The seeds from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, are poisonous to people, animals and insects. One of the main toxic proteins is "ricin", named by Stillmark in 1888 when he tested the bean's extract on red blood cells and saw them agglutinate. Now we know that the agglutination was due to another toxin that was also present, called RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin). Ricin is a potent cytotoxin but a weak hemagglutinin, whereas RCA is a weak cytotoxin and a powerful hemagglutinin. Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin, not RCA, because RCA does not penetrate the intestinal wall, and does not affect red blood cells unless given intravenously. If RCA is injected into the blood, it will cause the red blood cells to agglutinate and burst by hemolysis. Perhaps just one milligram of ricin can kill an adult. The symptoms of human poisoning begin within a few hours of ingestion. The symptoms are: abdominal pain, vomiting and (sometimes bloody) diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a decrease in urine, and a decrease in blood pressure. If death has not occurred in 3-5 days, the victim usually recovers.<br />
Castor oil: Castor beans are pressed to extract castor oil which is used for medicinal purposes. Ricin does not partition into the oil because
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11952.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Sophora secundiflora (Fabaceae) - Texas mountain laurel, mescal bean; native to North America (Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico)<br />
The hard, fibrous and indehiscent camaras of the Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora, Fabaceae-Papilionoideae) appear to be adapted to dispersal by large herbivorous mammals such as antelopes. However, most of the potential dispersers in North America would have died out c. 13.000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The only native antelope in the southern US is the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Observations as to whether the pronghorn does eat the fruits of the Texas mountain laurel seem to be missing. The very hard and shiny seeds of the Texas mountain laurel are coloured bright red, a characteristic that generally indicated 'fraudulent' bird-dispersal ('fruit mimicry'). However, since the fruits are very hard and indehiscent, the conspicuous colour of the seeds is hard to explain from an adaptational point of view. Perhaps their colour is part of a two-stage dispersal mechanism, tricking birds into picking the seeds from the faeces of megafaunal herbivores.<br />
interesting weblinks:<br />
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sose3: Sophora secundiflora is very popular as a native evergreen ornamental tree within its range, valued for its handsome, dark green foliage and lush early spring blooms. It is drought-tolerant, prefers rocky limestone soil, and is native from central Texas west to New Mexico and south to San Luis Potosi in Mexico. Like many woody plants native to rocky soils, it is slow growing. The fragrance of Texas mountain laurel flowers is reminiscent of artificial grape products. The brilliant, lacquer red seeds were valued by indigenous people for ornament and ceremonial use; they contain the highly poisonous alkaloid cytosine (or sophorine), a substance related to nicotine and widely cited as a narcot
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11949.jpg
  • The Mar Lodge stag ballroom has a spectacular 2,435 red deer stags heads lining the walls and ceiling. It has been called the Sistine Chapel of stage hunting.  The ballroom was constructed for estate staff balls, required by the need for segregation between master and servant which dominated the period. Built near to the second Mar Lodge at Corriemulzie, it was moved to the present site in 1898. A large timber building in the estate red, it has distinctive lattice trellising, an original Victorian ventilation system and unusual cast iron bracers on stone plinths supporting the walls. Internally the building remains virtually in its original state and contains over 2,435 stag's skulls.<br />
<br />
Mar Lodge Estate became a National Trust for Scotland property in 1995.
    MM8321_20150821_7806.jpg
  • Men plow fields near Waliso in southern Ethiopia with teams of oxen. Using plows that are nearly timeless they are plowing fields that were planted to teff. These are not the more modern mouldboard plows that actually roll the soil over, but just a sort of spike that breaks the ground up. <br />
<br />
The men plowing were: Ayele Terefe in the orange shirt with the stick, and Teshome Negese with the red and white shirt.<br />
<br />
Contact: Woudyalew Mulatu<br />
ILRI Ethiopia<br />
w.mulatu@cgiar.org<br />
Mobile: +251 911 40 91 89<br />
PO Box 5689<br />
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia<br />
  <br />
Contact: Shirley Tarawali<br />
Theme Director - People, Livestock, and the Evironment<br />
ILRI Ethiopia<br />
s.tarawali@cgiar.org<br />
Tel: +251 11 617 2221<br />
Tel: +251 91 164 5738<br />
PO Box 5689<br />
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    MM7753_20101027_39570.jpg
  • Antonia, wife of Mariano Sutta Apucusi. At their home in Pampallacta.  Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-27 3487.jpg
  • Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-28 3909.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41501.jpg
  • Antonia, wife of Mariano Sutta Apucusi. At their home in Pampallacta.  Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-27 3487.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Dipterocarpus costulatus (Dipterocarpaceae) - keruing kipas (Malay); length of fruit: 18.5cm. The characteristic fruits bear two wings produced by only two of the five sepals of the calyx of the flower (the other 3 sepals remain small)/ The members of the meranti family (Dipterocarpaceae) are a dominant component of lowland tropical rainforests and exploited for their valuable timber.<br />
The species is currently Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List.
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11877.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.
    Skye Pan.jpg
  • Black Grouse mating rituals on a lek in the Scottish Highlands above Balmoral, Scotland.  Black Grouse are rarer that than Red Grouse but are still hunted in some situations.
    MM8321_20160418_27261.jpg
  • Orkney potter and ardent student of archeology Andrew Appleby built a turf kilm at the Ness of Brodgar to fire some of the pots he as made using the patterns of Neolithic pottery found at the dig site. Appleby has done extensive research into the materials and methods Neolithic potters could have used to make their pottery. His kiln included the use of Bere barley husks to tamp down the fire, cattle bones to support the pottery and add heat to the fire, and grass to cap the kiln. Red hot pots can be seen emerging from the fires in the evening.
    MM7902_ 20120808_05639.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.
    Skye Pann I Flat.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.
    MM7701_20080901_14844.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41771.jpg
  • Men plow fields near Waliso in southern Ethiopia with teams of oxen. Using plows that are nearly timeless they are plowing fields that were planted to teff. These are not the more modern mouldboard plows that actually roll the soil over, but just a sort of spike that breaks the ground up. <br />
<br />
The men plowing were: Ayele Terefe in the orange shirt with the stick, and Teshome Negese with the red and white shirt.
    MM7753_20101027_39570.jpg
  • Antonia, wife of Mariano Sutta Apucusi. At their home in Pampallacta.  Oca is a tuber relative of the potato, grown in the high Andes.  Oca is part of the vast biodiversity of some 1,300 varieties of potatoes and tubers grown here. Seen here at the home of Mariano and Antonia Sutta Apucusi at ther home in Pampallacta, at the Parque de la Papa near Pisac, Peru.<br />
<br />
Mariano Sutta Apucusi is wearing the traditional hat and a dark red sweater. Sabina Sutta Apucusi is his sister, wearing a brown hat and a light red sweater.
    MM7753 2010-05-27 3487-Edit-Edit.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.  To buy this print click on the SHOPPING CART below.
    MM7701_20080901_14844.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis (Fabaceae) - kiaat tree; native to southern Africa<br />
Pterocarpus has remarkable fruits: anemochory, dispersal by means of barbed fruits and "Bodenroller" (winged fruits rolling along the ground), a triple strategy. The fruits are enclosed by a flat, dry involucre with a large surface and a relatively high weight. The spiny centre helps the fruit to stick to an animal (epizoochoric dispersal), the arrangement of the wings allows a dispersal by wind currents at the ground. Pterocarpus occurs in the savannah in the south of Africa (from Peter von Sengbusch, botany-online).<br />
The genus has been given a name which describes the unusual seed pods, pter meaning "wing" in Greek and carpus which means "fruit" in Greek. The central, hardened seed case is surrounded by a broad, membranous wing and is therefore called "wing fruit" or Pterocarpus. There are roughly 30 species in the genus and these may be found in the more tropical regions of the world. Four species occur in southern Africa. The specific name, angolensis means "of Angola". The brilliant dramatically red sap found in Pterocarpus gives it the common name of "bloodwood". The wood apparently bears some resemblance to the unrelated true teak from tropical east Asia (Tectona grandis) hence the common name "wild teak".
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11880.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Lodoicea maldivica (Arecaceae) – Seychelles nut; native to the Seychelles islands – the single-seeded nuts of the Seychelles nut belong to one of the most extraordinary palms and take 7-10 years to mature. At the time the Seychelles were still undiscovered, specimens like the illustrated one were highly prized in Europe; length of fruit: 33cm.<br />
Snippets from the internet: Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List --- http://www.arkive.org/coco-de-mer/lodoicea-maldivica/#text=Biology 
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11734.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.     <br />
Acacia auriculiformis (Fabaceae), commonly known as Auri, Earleaf acacia, Earpod wattle, Northern black wattle, Papuan wattle, Tan wattle, is a fast-growing, crooked, gnarly and thorny tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. It grows up to 30m tall. Acacia auriculiformis has about 47 000 seeds/kg. This plant is raised as an ornamental plant, as a shade tree and it is also raised on plantations for fuelwood throughout southeast Asia Oceana and in Sudan. Its wood is good for making paper, furniture and tools. It contains tannin useful in animal hide tanning. [from Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_auriculiformis]<br />
interesting weblinks:<br />
http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/acacia.htm<br />
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=10: Products: Fodder: Not widely used as fodder, but in India 1-year-old plantations are browsed by cattle. Apiculture: The flowers are a source of pollen for honey production. Fuel: A major source of firewood, its dense wood and high energy (calorific value of 4500-4900 kcal/kg) contribute to its popularity. It provides very good charcoal that glows well with little smoke and does not spark. Fibre: The wood is extensively used for paper pulp. Plantation-grown trees have been found promising for the production of unbleached kraft pulp and high-quality, neutral, sulphite semi-chemical pulp. Large-scale plantations have already been established, as in Kerala, India, for the production of pulp. Timber: The sapwood is yellow; the heartwood light brown to dark red, straight grained and reasonably durable. The wood has a high basic density (500-650 kg/m³), is fine-grained, often attractively figured and finishes well. It is excellent for turnery articles, toys, carom coins, chessmen and handicrafts. Also used for furniture, joinery, tool handles, and f
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11910.jpg
  • Black Grouse mating rituals on a lek in the Scottish Highlands above Balmoral, Scotland.  Black Grouse are rarer that than Red Grouse but are still hunted in some situations.
    MM8321_20160418_28130-Edit-Edit.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.
    MM7701_20080901_14647-Edit-Edit.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.
    MM7701_20080901_14647 (1).jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis (Fabaceae) - kiaat tree; native to southern Africa<br />
Pterocarpus has remarkable fruits: anemochory, dispersal by means of barbed fruits and "Bodenroller" (winged fruits rolling along the ground), a triple strategy. The fruits are enclosed by a flat, dry involucre with a large surface and a relatively high weight. The spiny centre helps the fruit to stick to an animal (epizoochoric dispersal), the arrangement of the wings allows a dispersal by wind currents at the ground. Pterocarpus occurs in the savannah in the south of Africa (from Peter von Sengbusch, botany-online).<br />
The genus has been given a name which describes the unusual seed pods, pter meaning "wing" in Greek and carpus which means "fruit" in Greek. The central, hardened seed case is surrounded by a broad, membranous wing and is therefore called "wing fruit" or Pterocarpus. There are roughly 30 species in the genus and these may be found in the more tropical regions of the world. Four species occur in southern Africa. The specific name, angolensis means "of Angola". The brilliant dramatically red sap found in Pterocarpus gives it the common name of "bloodwood". The wood apparently bears some resemblance to the unrelated true teak from tropical east Asia (Tectona grandis) hence the common name "wild teak".
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11880.jpg
  • Loch Cill Chriosd in Strath Suardal on the Isle of Skye is perfectly calm in the predawn light.  Behind the Loch on the right is Benn na Caillich, one of the Red Cuillins.  Locals know the loch as the "hairy" loch.  To buy this print click on the SHOPPING CART below.
    Skye Pann I Flat.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41771.jpg
  • Testing for Ug99 wheat stem rust in the field station at Asella, Ethiopia.<br />
<br />
Kulumsa Research Centre, P. O. Box 489, Asella, Ethiopia  Wheat being tested for Ug99 wheat stem rust and other rust diseases at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Asela, Ethiopia. <br />
<br />
Ug99 is devastating to wheat, leaving the heads with nothing but small, shriveled grain in the otherwise normal looking heads. It was discovered first in Uganda in 1999 and has since been moving east, having recently been found in Yemen.<br />
<br />
The rust is seen as red patches along the stem of the wheat, hence the name.  <br />
<br />
KULUMSA AGRICUTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (KARC) is about 167 km southeast of Addis Ababa. It is located in the Oromiya Regional State in the northeast periphery of the town of Asela, Arsi Zone.
    MM7753_20101029_41501.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  Dipterocarpus costulatus (Dipterocarpaceae) - keruing kipas (Malay); length of fruit: 18.5cm. The characteristic fruits bear two wings produced by only two of the five sepals of the calyx of the flower (the other 3 sepals remain small)/ The members of the meranti family (Dipterocarpaceae) are a dominant component of lowland tropical rainforests and exploited for their valuable timber.<br />
The species is currently Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List.
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11877.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
Lodoicea maldivica (Arecaceae) – Seychelles nut; native to the Seychelles islands – the single-seeded nuts of the Seychelles nut belong to one of the most extraordinary palms and take 7-10 years to mature. At the time the Seychelles were still undiscovered, specimens like the illustrated one were highly prized in Europe; length of fruit: 33cm.<br />
Snippets from the internet: Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List --- http://www.arkive.org/coco-de-mer/lodoicea-maldivica/#text=Biology 
    MM7753_2010-07-23_11734.jpg
  • Sumac leaves turning red in the fall on the Tallgrass Prairie Natural  Preserve north of Strong City, Kansas
    MM7469_060928_10138.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Afzelia africana (Fabaceae) – African mahogany; collected in Burkina Faso – open fruit (legume) consisting of the two halves of the single carpel; inside the fruit are a number of large black seeds with a bright orange-red aril attracting birds for dispersal. Because of their attractive appearance the seeds are also used by makers of botanical jewellery; length of pod: 17.5cm.<br />
From Wikipedia: Mature trees grow between 10 and 20 meters in height. They are prized for their quality wood, their bark which has many medicinal uses, and their nitrogen-rich leaves which enrich the soil.
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11715.jpg
  • Seed from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank collection at Wakehurst, outside London in the UK.  <br />
<br />
<br />
Afzelia africana (Fabaceae) – African mahogany; collected in Burkina Faso – open fruit (legume) consisting of the two halves of the single carpel; inside the fruit are a number of large black seeds with a bright orange-red aril attracting birds for dispersal. Because of their attractive appearance the seeds are also used by makers of botanical jewellery; length of pod: 17.5cm.<br />
From Wikipedia: Mature trees grow between 10 and 20 meters in height. They are prized for their quality wood, their bark which has many medicinal uses, and their nitrogen-rich leaves which enrich the soil.
    MM7753_2010-07-22_11715.jpg